An experimental study with random assignment will be adopted. The participants from 2
      hospitals will be assigned to two groups: experimental group (n=77), and control group
      (n=77). Experimental group, in addition to scheduled activities, will be provided with the
      "individual brain training exergames (a program for improving cognitive function and eye-hand
      coordination)" three times a week and 30 minutes each time. The control group will be
      maintained with their scheduled activities in daycare as usual. Behavioral intentions,
      cognitive function, social function, and hand-eye coordination will be measured at 0, 3, 6,
      9, 12 weeks.

Effectiveness of Exergames on Cognitive, Social Functionamong Chronic Schizophrenia

Gambling

In the first year, an experimental study with random assignment will be adopted. The
      participants from 2 hospitals will be assigned to two groups: experimental group (n=77), and
      control group (n=77). Experimental group, in addition to scheduled activities, will be
      provided with the "individual brain training exergames (a program for improving cognitive
      function and eye-hand coordination)" three times a week and 30 minutes each time. The control
      group will be maintained with their scheduled activities in daycare as usual. Behavioral
      intentions, cognitive function and hand-eye coordination will be measured at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12
      weeks.

      In the second year, the investigators continue first year study, the experimental group will
      be provided with the "team cooperation training exergames (a new program for improving sugar
      control, cognitive and social function)" three times a week and 30 minutes each time. The
      control group will still be maintained with their scheduled activities in daycare as usual.
      Cognitive and social function and related physiological indices (muscle mass, fasting blood
      sugar, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and reduction body fat will be measured before
      intervention and at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 weeks.

      In the third year, in the first three months, the investigators will use the concept of
      "empowerment" to design a seed program for training 2-3 patients to be "exergame
      instructors". Experimental group A will be provided with the "team cooperation exergames"
      three times a week and 30 minutes each time by research team. Experimental group B will be
      provided with the "team cooperation exergames (teamwork and exercise)" three times a week and
      30 minutes each time by "exergame seed ". The control group will be maintained with their
      scheduled activities in daycare as usual. Cognitive and social function, and related
      physiological indices will be measured at 0 3, 6, 9, 12 weeks.

      The investigators expect this research project can improve the cognitive, social function and
      sugar control among chronic schizophrenia patients with diabetes mellitus, and the
      "exergames" can be extended.

playing exergames

scheduled activities

Effectiveness of Exergames on Cognitive, Social Function and Sugar Control Among Chronic Schizophrenia Patients With Diabetes Mellitus in Taiwan

Cognitive functions were conducted using the MMSE (Folstein et al., 1975). The MMSE is, in some way, the best known and most widely used measure of cognition in clinical practice worldwide. The MMSE consists of 30 questions for assessing the following seven cognitive domains: orientation in time and place, memory registration and recall, attention and calculation, and language. The total MMSE score ranged from 0 to 30, and higher scores indicate better cognitive functions.

We measured participants' behavioral intention to play exergames using a questionnaire on the behavioral intention, which consisted of four items, and each item used a 5-point Likert scale to assess the levels of agreement with each statement. The contents of this questionnaire were as follows: "In your opinion, will you play and try different exergames in the future? Do you think that exergames can make you relaxed or vigorous?" The total score for the four items ranged from 0 to 16. Higher scores indicate a stronger intention to play exergames. The test-retest (two weeks) intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.88.

The PANSS is among the best-validated instrument for assessing positive, negative, and general psychopathology symptoms associated with schizophrenic patients. It is a standardised clinical interview that rates the presence and severity of positive and negative symptoms, as well as general psychopathology symptoms (e.g., anxiety, depression, etc.) within the past week for schizophrenic patients.

The experimental group, in addition to scheduled activities, will be provided with the "individual brain training exergames (a program for improving cognitive function and eye-hand coordination)" three times a week and 30 minutes each time.
"Exergame" and "no intervention" are more informative than "1" and "2"

The control group will be maintained with their scheduled activities in daycare as usual.

Effectiveness of Exergames on Cognitive, Social Functionamong Chronic Schizophrenia

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