Ethnic discrimination is associated with mental and physical health impairments. In view of
      the negative impact of discrimination on health, it is of great importance to investigate
      interventions to counteract these negative effects.

      Based on findings of a pilot study (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT04957966), this study
      investigates the effectiveness of a tailored ecological momentary music intervention to
      reduce biological (salivary cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase) and psychological (perceived
      stress, perceived ethnic discrimination) stress reactions after discriminatory and/or
      stressful events in the daily life of Turkish immigrant women (N = 50, age range 18-65
      years).

      An intra-individually randomized design will be used, i.e., participants will be assigned on
      a random basis either to intervention events (they can choose to listen to music for the
      duration of 10 or 20 minutes) or to control events (participants are instructed to not listen
      to music). The whole study period consists of 35 days with a baseline period (week 1),
      intervention period (week 2-4), and post period (week 5).

Tailored Ecological Momentary Music Intervention for Stress Reduction

Stress, Psychological

Stress, Physiological

Discrimination, Racial

Ethnic discrimination (ED) represents a complex stressor that triggers psychobiological
      stress reactions (Pascoe & Smart Richman, 2009). Experienced chronically, ED can adversely
      affect mental and physical health (e.g., Lewis et al., 2015; Schmitt et al., 2014), most
      likely due to dysregulations of psychobiological stress systems (Chrousos, 2009; Schlotz,
      2019). In this regard, women may be particularly affected as they face discrimination based
      on both ethnicity and gender more often compared to men (e.g., Harnois, 2014; Seaton & Tyson,
      2019). Considering the resulting health impairments, it is of great importance to investigate
      strategies that can mitigate the occurring stress reactions and thereby contribute to health
      promotion. Therefore, we conducted a pilot study to test the feasibility of an ecological
      momentary music intervention aiming to reduce stress levels of affected individuals
      (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT04957966). Based on the findings of the pilot study and
      power calculations, we will now conduct a larger main study. The primary aim of our study is
      to examine the effectiveness of an ecological momentary music intervention to reduce
      psychological and biological (cortisol, alpha-amylase) stress levels after stressful and/or
      discriminatory events in the daily life of chronically discriminated Turkish immigrant women.

      We hypothesize that listening to self-selected, relaxing music after an event of acute stress
      and/or ethnic discrimination in daily life will result in stronger decreases of psychological
      (perceived stress, perceived ethnic discrimination) and biological (cortisol, alpha-amylase)
      stress levels compared to no music listening (immediate effect). Further, we expect a
      decrease in diurnal psychological and biological stress levels throughout the study period
      (intermediate effect).

      The study consists of three phases: Baseline phase (week 1), intervention phase (week 2 to
      4), post intervention phase (week 5).

      During the baseline and post intervention phase, we will assess participants' psychological
      and biological stress fluctuations and perceived ethnic discrimination in daily life.
      Therefore, participants will be prompted three times a day (11:00 am, 3:00 pm, 7:00 pm)
      through a study app to answer questions on their momentary levels of stress, perceived
      discrimination, positive and negative affect, and their music-listening activities
      (time-contingent data entries). Additionally, whenever a stressful and/or discriminatory
      event occurs, participants will be instructed to initiate a data entry by themselves in order
      to report their momentary levels of stress, perceived discrimination, positive and negative
      affect, and to answer questions on the current situation. To investigate activities after
      such self-initiated, event-contingent data entries, the app will prompt the participants 20
      minutes later for an additional data entry (post). As part of every time-contingent and
      event-contingent report, participants will provide a saliva sample for the analysis of
      biological stress markers: salivary cortisol levels as index of
      hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) activity, salivary alpha-amylase as index of
      autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity.

      Every evening before going to bed, participants will complete a daily diary assessment via
      the study app. In this diary, participants will be asked about their current perceived
      stress, perceived discrimination, positive and negative affect, fatigue, and coping
      strategies. Additionally, they will be asked whether discriminatory or stressful events had
      happened over the course of the day and if so, to describe the event(s). This data entry will
      not require the collection of a saliva sample.

      During the intervention phase (week 2 to 4), the sampling protocol will be the same as in the
      baseline and post intervention phase (i.e., time-contingent data entries, daily diary
      assessment, self-initiated event-contingent data entries, post). Additionally, participants
      will be randomly assigned (50:50) to either the intervention condition (listening to
      self-selected, relaxing music; participants can choose between the duration of 10 or 20
      minutes) or the control condition (no music listening; participants are instructed to
      continue their pre-data entry activities) after every self-initiated event-contingent report.
      This intra-individually randomized study design will allow us to compare the effects of music
      listening vs. no music listening after stressful/discriminatory events on psychological and
      biological stress levels.

Targeted music listening

Tailored Ecological Momentary Music Intervention to Reduce Stress in the Daily Life of Turkish Immigrant Women

Momentary stress level: visual analogue scales (VAS; 0-100, higher scores indicate a greater level of momentary stress)

Professor

PANAS (Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale; Watson et al., 1988; German version by Krohne et al., 1996) is a self-report questionnaire that consists of two scales to measure positive affect and negative affect, each scale consists of 10 items (5-point Likert Scales, for every scale higher scores indicate greater positive/negative affect)

5 items (one of each scale) of the MFI (Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory; Smets et al., 1995), a self-report questionnaire consisting of 20 items that are assigned to 5 scales: general fatigue, physical fatigue, mental fatigue, reduced activity, and reduced motivation (5-point Likert Scales, higher scores on each subscale indicate greater levels of each subscale-specific type of fatigue)

5 items of the Brief-COPE (Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory; Carver, 1997; German version by Knoll et al., 2005), a self-report questionnaire that consists of 28 items to measure effective and ineffective ways of coping with stressful life events; one item of each subscale: active coping, use of emotional support, use of instrumental support, venting, religion; 5-point Likert-Scales with higher scores for each subscale indicating a greater level of the subscale-specific coping behavior)

Combination of the following 4 items to measure change in avoidance behavior:
3 items of the avoidance subscale of the CSI (Coping Strategy Indicator; Amirkhan, 1990), a self-report questionnaire of situational coping that consists of 33 items with the subscales avoidance, problem solving, and seeking social support (5-point Likert-Scales with higher scores indicating greater levels of avoidance behavior)
one self-developed item to measure avoidance behavior, in particular the item measures if the person avoided situations and/or persons for fear of being discriminated against (5-point Likert-Scales with higher scores indicating greater levels of avoidance behavior)

3 items of the Racism-related Vigilance Scale (Clark et al., 2006), a 6-item scale to measure heightened vigilance regarding discriminatory events (5-point Likert-Scales with higher scores indicating greater levels of anticipation of discriminatory events)

10 items of a self-developed questionnaire on perceived burden regarding the intervention (5-point Likert Scales, higher scores indicate greater levels of perceived burden)

6 items of a self-developed questionnaire on satisfaction with the intervention (5-point Likert Scales, higher scores indicate greater levels of satisfaction)

Timestamped log-data of the app to determine usage rate by the participants (higher usage rate indicates a greater feasibility of the intervention)

Every participant will be randomly assigned (50:50) to one of the following two conditions: Music listening after a stressful and/or discriminatory event (i.e., intervention condition) or no music listening after a stressful and/or discriminatory event (i.e., control condition).

Tailored Ecological Momentary Music Intervention for Stress Reduction

About this trial

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Type

Phase

Placebo

Accepting

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